Human Resources Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

HR Report - Essay Example In addition, focusing on assessment of a preparation procedure it tends to be expressed that it is alluded as assortment of information in a methodical way, which encourages the mentors to finish up the adequacy of preparing program. The principle target of the mentors is to assess whether the preparation contributes towards arriving at the general hierarchical objective, actualizing strategies and upgrading the authoritative learning (Mavin, Lee, and Robson, 2010). The different techniques for assessing the viability of getting the hang of, preparing and advancement and the confinements of the strategies are additionally delineated in the report. In an association, supervisors have alternate point of view of the administration of individuals. The two methodologies towards the board are the unitarist and the pluralist approach. In this way, the two strategies are utilized for understanding the alternate points of view of the board. The impact of the methodologies on the physiological agreement is additionally concentrated in the report. Physiological agreement is characterized as the unwritten desire for the business from the representatives. Enrollment is the way toward drawing in quality possibility to go after the empty jobs, though, choice is the method for figuring out who is most ideally equipped appropriate for the activity among the individuals who have gone after the accessible jobs. In this manner enrollment and choice is the way toward looking and employing the most reasonable individual for the activity (Doornenbal, Stitselaar and Jansen, 2012). The procedure of enrollment incorporates giving promotion for the empty positions, going to vocation fairs, interfacing straightforwardly with individuals and numerous different ways. Choice procedure includes directing composed test to assess the bent of the competitors; taking their meetings and looking for data about them by reaching the references (Doornenbal, Stitselaar, and Jansen, 2012) From the outset, work investigation is directed so as to decide the

Bermuda Triangle Essay - 722 Words

The Bermuda Triangle is an unsolved mystery that leaves many people oblivious as to how it has taken away the lives of countless amounts of humans. The Bermuda Triangle is also known as the Devils Triangle. It is an area located on the north western Atlantic, in the country of International waters, The Bahamas. The Bermuda Triangle is an extremely dangerous area for one to enter. Aircrafts and surface vessels are believed to have vanished in weird ways which are considered human error, piracy, equipment failure, or natural disasters. Important things in society have shown some of these disappearances could have been the laws of physics, paranormal, or actions performed by aliens. The Bermuda Triangle is at a status of an†¦show more content†¦Many theories exist about the origin of the Bermuda Triangle and why it allegedly causes the damage it does. Theories stretch to anything from extraterrestrial life forces causing the deaths, to a black hole-like object causing the Trian gles passers by to be taken to a different time and location. Once again, these theories raise skepticism from critics. There are also the people who really believe in some of these theories, but there isnt much evidence to back it up. Since technology is getting better and we are finding out more about nature and the way things work, we are bound to solve the mystery of the Bermuda Triangle. For years there has been an unsolved mystery of disappearances of boats and planes with no trace of evidence left behind. Could it be human error? Equipment failure? There are a lot of different things that could have happened with every disappearance within this dangerous area, the Bermuda Triangle. Many believe these disappearances are laws of physics, paranormal, or actions performed by aliens, but nobody knows.Octagonal clouds in the sky push the planes and aircraft down and they loose control. Water at night is the most worst for boats bc waves get bigger and bigger and can sink your boat. There are mysterious explanations of the incidents that have happened. Triangle writers have used a lot of weird ways to explain the incidents. One explanation blames it on leftoverShow MoreRelatedThe Bermuda Triangle Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesYou might know that the Bermuda Triangle is a legendary place where numerous disappearances have occurred, but how much do you really know about it? Some people don’t believe in such a place, but some do. Research has been conducted to try and figure out what could possibly be happening here, but with no hard evidence. The mysterious Bermuda Triangle may be more than just a myth though; the Bermuda triangle has a long history with disappearances, few people live through it to tell the tale, and possibleRead More Bermuda Triangle Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pages The Bermuda Triangle nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Is the Bermuda Triangle really a place where strange powers are at work? The Bermuda Triangle is a very complex and mystifying area that is noted for a high incidence of unexplained losses of ships, small boats, and aircraft. From reading this paper one will learn geographic features of the Bermuda Triangle, famous disappearances, and possible explanations for them. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There is a section of the western Atlantic, offRead MoreEssay on The Bermuda Triangle921 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bermuda Triangle The Bermuda Triangle is a triangular area in the Atlantic Ocean bounded by Miami, Bermuda, and Puerto Rico. Many people believed that people, ships, and planes have mysteriously vanished in this area. The size of the triangle varies from 500,000 square miles. Some trace the mystery back to the time of Columbus. Bermuda Triangle estimates range from about 200 to no more than 8,000 distress calls in the area and that there have been more than 50 ships and 20 planes to goRead More The Bermuda Triangle Essay1902 Words   |  8 PagesThe Bermuda Triangle Off the southern tip of Florida lies a phenomenon called the Bermuda Triangle. Ships, planes, and over one thousand lives were lost in the Triangle without a trace. Theories have been put forth, but still no universally accepted explanation exists for the mystery that surrounds the Bermuda Triangle. The Bermuda Triangle covers almost 440,000 square miles of the Atlantic Ocean. An imaginary line that begins near Melbourne, Florida, extends south to Bermuda, and west toRead MoreThe Bermuda Triangle Essay1230 Words   |  5 Pages The Bermuda Triangle,also known as the Hoodoo Sea, the Devils Triangle, the Limbo of the Lost, and the Twilight Zone, is a part of the ocean in which planes, ships, and people mysteriously seem to just disappear. It is an imaginary area shaped as a triangle. Which is located in the outer tip of Florida. Its been the biggest mystery of time because of the mysterious disappearances that have happened over time. â€Å"The term Bermuda Triangle was first used in an article written by Vincent H. GaddisRead MoreEssay on The Bermuda Triangle850 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bermuda Triangle The Bermuda Triangle is shrouded, in a thick cloud of mystery, in a thick cloud of controversy, and a thick cloud of argument. Not even the location of the Triangle is agreed on. The most common description of its location is the triangle formed by linking Bermuda, Miami, and Puerto Rico. But there is also two other descriptions: The Devils Triangle is more like a blob that covers most of the western Caribbean. The Limbo of the lost is an area that stems from Miami toRead More Bermuda Triangle Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesBermuda Triangle The Bermuda triangle, or the devil’s triangle, is an imaginary area located off the southeastern Atlantic coast of the United States. It is the greatest modern mystery of our supposedly well understood world. It is noted for a very high incidence of unexplained losses of ships, small boats, and aircraft. The tips of the triangle are generally thought to be Bermuda, Miami, Fla., and San Juan, Puerto Rico. Many theories attempting to explain the many disappearances have been offeredRead MoreBermuda Triangle Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bermuda Triangle is also known as the Devils Triangle, Dragons Triangle and the Devils Sea. The Triangle is a 500,000 square mile part of the Atlantic Ocean that stretches from Florida, to the island of Bermuda, to Puerto Rico and then back again. It is known for its many mysterious disappearances. Through this paper, I will present the theories and incidents of the Bermuda Triangle which will leave you to decide; Bermuda Triangle Fact or F iction. The Bermuda Triangle has a long history, asRead MoreThe Mysterious Bermuda Triangle Essay1642 Words   |  7 Pagesalways been an aura of mystery surrounding Bermuda, the collective name for a group of small islands located in the Atlantic Ocean. Once referred to as â€Å"The Devil’s Islands,† ‘the Bermuda Triangle’ represents the geographical area along the Atlantic Ocean from Puerto Rico to the South and Miami to the West (Kelly, 2004, p. 227). The actual term Bermuda Triangle was not introduced until 1964, when Vincent H. Gaddis’ article â€Å"The Deadly Bermuda Triangle† was published in Argosy magazine (Kelly, 2004)Read MoreEssay about Bermuda Triangle Conspiracy905 Words   |  4 PagesBermuda, Miami, and San Juan (Bermuda Triangle).These are the 3 locations that make up the â€Å"Devils Triangle† also known as the Bermuda Triangle in the Atlantic ocean. In this area, many unexplained disappearances from military and commer cial aircrafts, to large cargo ships and small yachts has many people and scientists wondering, is this supernatural phenomena? Forces of nature? Over-exaggerated stories? No one knows for sure. Many of these disappearances happened without warning, no mayday calls

The Monetary Value That Represents All Of The Products...

The monetary value that represents all of the products made in a country is Gross Domestic Product. This figure affects my life right now because the unemployment in the country can be observed by looking at the gap between the GDP per capita and the GDP per person. I can use this information because I am seeking a job. Also, in the future, knowledge of the GDP can be useful because I will want to know my personal productivity compared to the average which is represented by the GDP per employed person. Additionally, the Consumer Price Index is a figure that illustrates the inflation of prices over time. It is determined by the values of the prices of goods that are included in the ‘basket of goods’ which has products that consumers usually†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization are used to predict if inflation will occur. The industrial production measures how many manufactured goods are produced and the capacity uti lization figure uses this information to create a ratio that determines whether there is a supply shortage or not. These figures can help me to find out if it is a good time to seek a job in a particular industry. For instance, right now the capacity utilization rate is at 81.9% in the mining industry which shows that there is a limited amount of supply, so employment opportunities would be increased in this field (Industrial Production†). In the future, I can use this figure to predict if prices would increase in the field because if there is a limited amount of supply, then prices would increase. To add, Retail Sales is an economic indicator that shows the comparison of sales in the retail industry within a few weeks. It is included in the GDP because the retail sales shows the productivity shows the majority of sales and production in the overall economy. I can use the retail sales figure in my life because I can see how the prices in retail will change. Also, in the future, I can use retail sales to find out if retail is a good industry to invest in. Business Inventories and Sales is a figure that contributes to determining the overall productivity of the economy. This indicator shows the supply

A Summary of Bipolar Disorder Essay - 1011 Words

BIPOLAR DISORDER 1 Bipolar Disorder, often called Manic Depression, is a medical condition that involves severe mood swings in an individual. It is a lifetime condition that needs to be treated to keep it in remission (APA). It is not just a mental illness, but a medical disease involving the brain. 2 The disease progresses as the years pass and the frequency of mood changing episodes becomes more frequent (MHN). Bipolar Disorder involves depressive and manic phases. With the symptoms presented, clinicians often misdiagnose patients as schizophrenics (Shalala). 3 Bipolar affects an individual’s thoughts, feelings, health, behavior and ability to function. The disease is not a result of a weak personality, as many people believe.†¦show more content†¦In the manic phase, the individual sleeps only a few hours, yet is feels perfectly rested. They tend to be talkative, distracted and overly goal-oriented. Unfortunately, they seldom follow through with their goals. Pleasurable activities become very important, particularly those that involve high risk. The ego becomes inflated beyond reality and their thoughts and ideas race continuously (Long). 9 Hypomania is a much milder form of mania. In this phase, the individual can easily fall into a deep depression or escalate into full-blown mania (APA). 10 The last phase, mixed episode, is when an individual shows symptoms from both manic and depressive phases. 11 There are many different theories on what causes bipolar disorder. There seems to be a connection with family prevalence. Those with a parent with the disorder have a one in seven chance of being bipolar themselves. An earlier age of onset is typical in these cases. the typical age of onset is adolescent and earlier adulthood (Shalala). 12 Other probable causes are biochemistry, biological clocks and psychological stress. It is known that those with bipolar disorder are more vulnerable to emotional and physical stress (APA). 13 The diagnosis of bipolar disorder typically takes up to eight years. Clinicians mistakenly diagnose depression, anxiety, schizophrenia or paranoia. Inappropriate treatments only make the disorder worse. Anti-depressants lift the patient intoShow MoreRelatedPrevalence Rate For Bipolar I Disorder1552 Words   |  7 Pageslifetime prevalence rate for Bipolar I Disorder is 0.6% and the 12-month prevalence rate is 0.4% of the overall population (Merikangas et al, 2011). The United States had the highest reported lifetime prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorders with 4.4% and a 12-month prevalence of 2.8%. In addition, lifetime prevalence rates for bipolar I disorder were found to be slightly higher in males than in females. While much of the reported prevalence rates for bipolar disorder are based on adults 18 yearsRead MoreThe Operational Definition Of Bipolar Disorder1578 Words   |  7 Pagesis to discuss the operational definition of bipolar disorder, identify the additional specifi ers, comorbidity, prevalence and discuss the cost of treating the disorder. Also, a detailed explanation will be provided about the population most impacted by the selected disorder and evidence-based approaches to assessing the disorder will be presented. In addition, evidence-based treatment approaches to address the disorder will be displayed. Last, a summary will be shared by relating an interventionRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )956 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar Disorder Definition Bipolar Disorder is an increasingly common mood disorder that effects millions of people worldwide. In order to understand the plight of any psychiatric patient suffering from this ailment or to be prepared to treat this disease, it is pertinent to first fully understand what this mental disorder truly is. The first misconception surrounding bipolar disorder is that it is just one disease, contrarily it can be divided into two different sub categories. The National InstituteRead MoreThe Case Of Howard V. Delaware1458 Words   |  6 Pages11-25-2015 Professor Scurich In the case of Howard v. Delaware, Howard, a thirty- two-year-old truck driver convicted of sexual assault against his former co-worker Stacy, suffers from mood disorders. From the summary presented it is evident that he suffers from bipolar disorder, a form of mood disorder. Mood disorders have both a depressive and manic episode. In the depressive episode, over a two-week period an individual has either a depressed mood or anhedonia, which is a lack of positive mood or aRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1155 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar Disorder Research Paper What is Bipolar Disorder? Bipolar Disorder is an increasingly common mood disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. In order to understand the plight of any psychiatric patient suffering from this ailment or to be prepared to treat this disease, it is pertinent to first understand what this mental disorder truly is. The first misconception surrounding bipolar disorder is that it is just one disease, contrarily it can be divided into two different sub categoriesRead MoreClinical Outcome Research Regarding Pediatric Bipolar Disorder950 Words   |  4 PagesSection 1. Summary of Clinical Outcome Research Regarding Pediatric Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder is a life-impacting condition that is often chronic, creates significant impairment, and is marked by a cycling between depressive and manic episodes. These episodes are manifested by unusual and extreme shifts in mood, energy levels, and behaviors that interfere with executive functioning (Wilkinson, Taylor, Holt, 2002). Divided into two levels of diagnosis; Bipolar I Disorder is defined by theRead MoreBipolar Disorder : A Psychological Disorder1293 Words   |  6 Pages Bipolar disorder is a psychological disorder in which a person alternates between being depressed to extremely happy and being cross or irritable. Bipolar disorder is also known manic-depressive illness. Bipolar disorder can cause shifts in energy, mood and activity level. This disorder can cause damage up to many things like relationships, jobs, school performance and even suicide. There are many treatments to bipolar disorder for those that have or are being affected. Bipolar Disorder BipolarRead MoreYoung Adults With Bipolar Disorders1171 Words   |  5 PagesYoung Adults with Bipolar Disorders Anjana Muralidharan Emory University School of Medicine â€Æ' Abstract In this study researchers investigated and sample many young adult’s ages (18-40 yrs.) with bipolar disorders found them to associate with Behavioral Approach System (BAS). The Behavioral Approach System (BAS) dysregulation including emotional reactivity to negative feedback and schemas and self-criticism/perfectionism. There were twenty- two young adults with bipolar I disorder and 22 matched didRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Bipolar disorder is a fairly common, yet publicly uneducated topic. Bipolar disorder is a frequently repeated and progressive condition wherein one experiences at least one manic episode followed by at least one depressive episode. According to Ferri and Reus (2016), bipolar disorder could be caused from calcium dysregulation, an abnormality of GABA, and the G-protein-coupled receptor abnormality (p. 174). The pathogenesis of bipolar disorder is that it is a heritable condition in whichRead MoreA Family Member Or Friend Who Suffers From Bipolar Disorder?1689 Words   |  7 PagesDo you know a family member or friend who suffers from Bipolar Disorder? Jessica was one of my friends from College, during college she was an outstanding student, she was always on time with assignments, no absences, and on top of the class. Everything in her room and study papers were extremely organized, but sometimes she last days with insomnia and cried without motive. Her parents’ divorce cause a terrible impact in her family, the doctors diagnosed her mom with major depression. After college

Business Research Methodology for Climate - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Research Methodology for Climate Protection. Answer: The purpose of this article is demonstrating the qualitative research that is extremely effective in facilitating the generation of personal narrative of the senior managers of public sectors in New Zealand. Exactly in this article it was laid out the exact method of used for developing theme based narratives from semi structured interviews with the responsible senior managers for the deliverance of the Communities for Climate Protection and the Carbon Neutral Public Service programs in NZ. Since it is a theme based analysis, it indicates the underlying variable related to the subject matter. I have used qualitative study for interpreting the information from the secondary sources. The descriptive design could be used for analyzing the core concept and perspective values of the research subject. Descriptive design helps in observing the subject matter in an accurate way and interpreting the information to extract the core ideas. Bias is not something counterproductive for research studies and biased studies are not necessarily the constituent of invalid researches. Bias is not something that can be removed from research processes, minus paradigm that the presupposition of removing bias form research studies is the basis of historical and philosophical assumptions that if pushed to their logical conclusion they do not hold any more ground. In this article Malik is attempting to answer how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) enhances the value of the firms. It is also searching an exact comprehension of what has been already analyzed and the findings of those searches in relation to the value-enhancing capabilities of CSR. In this research, Malik has attempted at making use of secondary research approach, with literature and instances, for conducting the research. The main literature stream of this research is mostly journal articles, almost all of them peer reviewed. From this article, two key findings can be extracted: CSR has an important role to play in the enhancement of the firms value by the promotion of employee productivity, makings sure of better operating performance, expansion of the product market, improvement of capital market benefits, construction of corporate reputation and strengthening of an organizations association with the society, regulators and other organizational stakeholders. It was also asserted in the research that organizations align social goals with corporate goals in which CSR is made to use as a strategic tool for maximizing value. The major limitation is that the more intensive investigations are still required, with the help of datasets and empirical models for determining if at all these inconsistencies are a result of methodological issues. Researchers seek approval from the authorities for conducting research projects in an ethical way. Accordingly they follow some of the guidelines which assists in structuring the research functions sequentially and within time. In any case, if the researcher does not receive the approval from the higher authority it could be negligible since the research would be automatically under the ethical terms and conditions. The author therefore mentioned about the low and negligible risk. Biasness, inaccurate information, improper analysis and privacy breach are the harms that the authors envisage to be arising via failure of properly considering ethical issues in the application of ethics. The four principles of ethics are respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice. These principles are applied to research as an obligation of working for the benefits and consideration of those people who get treated unfairly. They are important to make sure the current approach to research is ethical in its assessment. It is important these principles are put to use directly in decision making processes. The principles are meant for respecting human beings, integrity, research merit, justice and beneficence. The hidden population are the people for whom there is no sampling frame existing and it is potentially threatening if there is public acknowledgment of membership for them in the population (Handcock, Gile and Mar 2014). In Australia, the hidden population are mostly the drug users, alcoholics and the sex workers. Snowball sampling is a non-probabilistic sampling method which can be also called chain sampling. In researching and reaching the hidden populations of the society, simple random sampling and probabilistic sampling cannot be put to use, snowball sampling would be useful as it would be able to access the population that are generally inaccessible. In this method, the existing study subjects recruit or refer future subjects from their acquaintance (Waters 2015). However, snowball sampling is subject to a lot of biases. One of them is that only people who are having many friends would be recruited as sample for the study. Moreover, there is no way to get an idea about the whole size of the population. It is not sure how to get an idea how many referrals a single person can have and provide. Therefore, calculation on this front is next to impossible (Robinson 2014). The purpose of this article is demonstrating the qualitative research that is extremely effective in facilitating the generation of personal narrative of the senior managers of public sectors in New Zealand. Exactly in this article it was laid out the exact method of used for developing theme based narratives from semi structured interviews with the responsible senior managers for the deliverance of the Communities for Climate Protection and the Carbon Neutral Public Service programs in NZ. Since it is a theme based analysis, it indicates the underlying variable related to the subject matter. I have used qualitative study for interpreting the information from the secondary sources. The descriptive design could be used for analyzing the core concept and perspective values of the research subject. Descriptive design helps in observing the subject matter in an accurate way and interpreting the information to extract the core ideas. Bias is not something counterproductive for research studies and biased studies are not necessarily the constituent of invalid researches. Bias is not something that can be removed from research processes, minus paradigm that the presupposition of removing bias form research studies is the basis of historical and philosophical assumptions that if pushed to their logical conclusion they do not hold any more ground. References and Bibliography Birchall, J, 2014, 'Qualitative inquiry as a method to extract personal narratives: approach to research into organizational climate change mitigation',The Qualitative Report,19, pp 1-18. Handcock, M.S., Gile, K.J. and Mar, C.M., 2014. Estimating hidden population size using respondent-driven sampling data.Electronic journal of statistics,8(1), p.1491. Malik, M, (2015), 'Value-enhancing capabilities of CSR: a brief review of contemporary literature',Journal of Business Ethics,127, pp 419-438. Robinson, O.C., 2014. Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide.Qualitative Research in Psychology,11(1), pp.25-41. Wallace, M Sheldon, N, 2015, 'Business research ethics: participant observer perspectives',Journal of Business Ethics, 128(2), pp 267-277. Waters, J., 2015. Snowball sampling: a cautionary tale involving a study of older drug users.International Journal of Social Research Methodology,18(4), pp.367-380.

8 Simple Steps To Help You Find a Job in 30 Days

8 Simple Steps To Help You Find a Job in 30 Days You need a new job and you need one fast. Maybe you’ve just been laid off, or quit, or you’re just starting out, or you’re doing some secret  job hunting from a position in which you’re miserable. No matter your reasons, if you follow these steps, you’ll have a great shot at scoring a new job in 30 days. 1. Make a spreadsheet.Excel is your friend in the organization game. And organization is the key to getting a job fast. Keep track of company name, position title, a link to the job posting itself, application materials, due dates, plus the date you applied, follow-up dates, and notes. If you hate Excel, try JibberJobber or Fresh Transition instead. But do keep all your details organized and easily referenced- you’ll be glad you did.2. Do your homework.Be informed- very informed- about the industry you’re applying into. Research every company and every position. Research the people who might be interviewing you and supervising you. R esearch the top people and the company’s mission. The more you know and the more prepared you are, the better you’ll do. And the more you strategize and target your applications, the more efficient your search will be.3. Budget your time.Once you have a game plan and an organizational system, you’ll want to devote time every day to your job search for 30 days. You couldn’t possibly spend all day every day on it, but even just 30 minutes of concentrated work every day will move you that much closer to the finish line.4. Dig deep.What do you actually want in a job? What have you liked and disliked about your current and former positions? Why do you want a change? Think about your values and which kind of work environments suit you best. Try to aim for places that match up with your innate talents and tastes first. You’ll be a better fit right out of the gate.5. Get social.Your promo toolbox consists of your social media platforms. Get them all up to fighting speed. Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn†¦ make sure you have these accounts and that they are active and up to date. Make sure you’re using them correctly and are working consistently toward building your personal online brand.6. Network.The one step you’d probably like to avoid is probably the most important. Sometimes all the difference is made in who you know and who knows you. Think of it as initiating mutually beneficial relationships. Keep in mind what you have to offer! It’s not just a one-way street.7. Follow up.Your interviewer will likely tell you that they will be in touch with you soon. Tell them immediately how much you appreciate their taking the time to interview you and mention that you are eagerly awaiting a response. Then follow up with the same. Send a handwritten thank you note- you’d be surprised at how effective this can be! Then follow up with a phone call if you haven’t heard back in two weeks. And don’t forg et to note when and how you’ve followed up on your spreadsheet.8. Be patient.Keep looking. Keep working at it. Don’t get discouraged after a few rejections. If you’re consistent and keep honing your tools, you’ll get there.That being said, once you’ve hit all of these checkpoints, you will need to develop your resume into an excellent promotional document. Take a look at these resume hacks that will help you  turn your resume into a top notch contender, for any job. Remember, your resume is a document that sells you and your qualifications to the employer. The more effort you put into it, the better off you’ll be.

The Periodic Properties of the Elements

The Periodic Properties of the Elements The periodic table arranges the elements  by periodic properties, which are recurring trends in physical and chemical characteristics. These trends can be predicted merely by examing the periodic table and can be explained and understood by analyzing the electron configurations of the elements. Elements tend to gain or lose valence electrons to achieve stable octet formation. Stable octets are seen in the inert gases, or noble gases, of Group VIII of the periodic table. In addition to this activity, there are two other important trends. First, electrons are added one at a time moving from left to right across a period. As this happens, the electrons of the outermost shell experience increasingly strong nuclear attraction, so the electrons become closer to the nucleus and more tightly bound to it. Second, moving down a column in the periodic table, the outermost electrons become less tightly bound to the nucleus. This happens because the number of filled principal energy levels (whi ch shield the outermost electrons from attraction to the nucleus) increases downward within each group. These trends explain the periodicity observed in the elemental properties of atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity. Atomic Radius The atomic radius of an element is half of the distance between the centers of two atoms of that element that are just touching each other. Generally, the atomic radius decreases across a period from left to right and increases down a given group. The atoms with the largest atomic radii are located in Group I and at the bottom of groups. Moving from left to right across a period, electrons are added one at a time to the outer energy shell. Electrons within a shell cannot shield each other from the attraction to protons. Since the number of protons is also increasing, the effective nuclear charge increases across a period. This causes the atomic radius to decrease. Moving down a group in the periodic table, the number of electrons and filled electron shells increases, but the number of valence electrons remains the same. The outermost electrons in a group are exposed to the same effective nuclear charge, but electrons are found farther from the nucleus as the number of filled energy shells increases. Therefore, the atomic radii increase. Ionization Energy The ionization energy, or ionization potential, is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion completely. The closer and more tightly bound an electron is to the nucleus, the more difficult it will be to remove, and the higher its ionization energy will be. The first ionization energy is the energy required to remove one electron from the parent atom. The second ionization energy is the energy required to remove a second valence electron from the univalent ion to form the divalent ion, and so on. Successive ionization energies increase. The second ionization energy is always greater than the first ionization energy. Ionization energies increase moving from left to right across a period (decreasing atomic radius). Ionization energy decreases moving down a group (increasing atomic radius). Group  I elements have low ionization energies because the loss of an electron forms a stable octet. Electron Affinity Electron affinity reflects the ability of an atom to accept an electron. It is the energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a gaseous atom. Atoms with stronger effective nuclear charge have greater electron affinity. Some generalizations can be made about the electron affinities of certain groups in the periodic table. The Group IIA elements, the alkaline earths, have low electron affinity values. These elements are relatively stable because they have filled s subshells. Group VIIA elements, the halogens, have high electron affinities because the addition of an electron to an atom results in a completely filled shell. Group VIII elements, noble gases, have electron affinities near zero since each atom possesses a stable octet and will not accept an electron readily. Elements of other groups have low electron affinities. In a period, the halogen will have the highest electron affinity, while the noble gas will have the lowest electron affinity. Electron affinity decreases moving down a group because a new electron would be further from the nucleus of a large atom. Electronegativity Electronegativity is a measure of the attraction of an atom for the electrons in a chemical bond. The higher the electronegativity of an atom, the greater its attraction for bonding electrons. Electronegativity is related to ionization energy. Electrons with low ionization energies have low electronegativities because their nuclei do not exert a strong attractive force on electrons. Elements with high ionization energies have high electronegativities due to the strong pull exerted on electrons by the nucleus. In a group, the electronegativity decreases as the atomic number increases, as a result of the increased distance between the valence electron and nucleus (greater atomic radius). An example of an electropositive (i.e., low electronegativity) element is cesium; an example of a highly electronegative element is fluorine. Summary of Periodic Table Properties of Elements Moving Left → Right Atomic Radius DecreasesIonization Energy IncreasesElectron Affinity Generally Increases (except Noble Gas Electron Affinity Near Zero)Electronegativity Increases Moving Top → Bottom Atomic Radius IncreasesIonization Energy DecreasesElectron Affinity Generally Decreases Moving Down a GroupElectronegativity Decreases